Is Deer Antler Velvet Banned? Setting the Record Straight

by Jason J. Duke - Owner/Artisan

Fresh Content: January 13, 2025 20:50

Majestic stag with fully grown antlers standing in a field, signifying the natural source of deer antler velvet, a legal dietary supplement.

A magnificent stag in its natural habitat. Deer antler velvet, harvested from the growing antlers during the velvet stage, is a completely legal and natural dietary supplement. Contrary to some misconceptions, it is not a banned substance in most sports.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider for any health concerns. Consult with your healthcare professional before starting any lifestyle modifications or new supplements.

This article is part of the Deer Antler Velvet Comprehensive Guide to Benefits, Uses, Dosages, and Science.

Alright, let's cut through the noise and get straight to the point. You've probably heard whispers about deer antler velvet (DAV) and whether or not it's banned in sports. There's a lot of misinformation out there, fueled by shady marketing and a general lack of understanding. As a strength and conditioning coach who's seen the benefits of DAV firsthand, I'm here to set the record straight. We're going to break down the facts, separate myth from reality, and give you the knowledge you need to make informed decisions about using this powerful supplement.

What is Deer Antler Velvet and Why Should You Care?

Before we jump into the legal stuff, let's briefly recap what DAV is and why it's relevant to athletes and anyone looking to optimize their performance. Deer antler velvet is the soft, growing tissue that covers the antlers of male deer during their annual growth phase. This stuff is a powerhouse of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including growth factors, amino acids, collagen, and minerals.

Traditionally, it's been used for centuries to support vitality, strength, and recovery. In the context of modern fitness, DAV can offer support for:

  • Muscle Growth and Repair: Provides the building blocks and growth factors needed to support muscle protein synthesis.
  • Strength and Power: May enhance neuromuscular function and energy production.
  • Joint Health: Contains collagen, glucosamine, and chondroitin, which are crucial for maintaining healthy joints.
  • Recovery: Supports the body's natural recovery processes, potentially reducing muscle soreness and downtime.

Now, let's address the elephant in the room: the legality of deer antler velvet, especially for athletes. The short answer is: No, deer antler velvet itself is not a banned substance. It is a legal dietary supplement.

However, there's been some confusion surrounding this, primarily due to the presence of naturally occurring growth factors like Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in DAV.

There's often confusion surrounding the legal status of deer antler velvet, particularly in the context of sports. It's important to clarify that deer antler velvet itself is not a banned substance and is a legal dietary supplement. However, certain sports organizations have specific regulations regarding some of its components, leading to misunderstandings.

The Source of Confusion: Growth Factors and Misleading Marketing

The primary source of confusion stems from the presence of naturally occurring growth factors, particularly Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), in deer antler velvet. Some supplement companies have unfortunately engaged in misleading marketing practices, exaggerating the IGF-1 content of their products or falsely claiming that their products contain synthetic or isolated IGF-1. This has led to concerns among sports organizations about the potential for athletes to inadvertently ingest banned substances.

Sports Organizations and Specific Regulations

  • World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA): WADA previously included deer antler velvet on its banned list due to concerns about IGF-1 but later revised its stance. As of 2024, deer antler velvet is not listed as a prohibited substance by WADA. However, WADA cautions athletes that deer antler velvet products may contain other prohibited substances, and athletes are ultimately responsible for any substances found in their bodies.
  • National Football League (NFL): The NFL banned deer antler velvet in the past due to concerns about IGF-1. This ban was based on misconceptions and misleading marketing rather than on any inherent danger of DAV itself. The NFL does not currently list deer antler velvet as a banned substance.
  • Major League Baseball (MLB): Similarly, MLB previously banned deer antler velvet but has since removed it from their prohibited substances list.

It's crucial to note that the regulations of sports organizations can change. Athletes subject to drug testing should always consult the most up-to-date prohibited substances list of their specific governing body and exercise caution when using any supplement.

The Reality: Natural IGF-1 in Food

It's important to understand that IGF-1 is a naturally occurring hormone found in many animal-derived foods, including milk and meat. Deer antler velvet, as a natural food, contains IGF-1 as part of its complex nutritional profile. The mere presence of IGF-1 in a supplement does not automatically make it a banned substance. The key distinction lies between naturally occurring IGF-1 in whole foods or complex natural substances like DAV, and synthetic or isolated forms of IGF-1, which are prohibited in many sports.

Avoiding Misleading Products

To avoid any potential issues, consumers should be wary of products that:

  • Emphasize high levels of IGF-1 in their marketing.
  • Claim to contain isolated or synthetic IGF-1.
  • Make exaggerated claims about performance enhancement or muscle growth.

Choosing reputable manufacturers that are transparent about their sourcing, processing, and testing practices is crucial. Look for products that focus on the holistic benefits of deer antler velvet as a whole-food supplement, rather than highlighting isolated components.

Choosing Quality and Staying Informed

Here's the bottom line:

  • DAV is legal: You can buy it, sell it, and use it without breaking any laws.
  • Know the Rules: If you're an athlete, check the specific regulations of your sport. While WADA doesn't ban it, individual leagues or organizations might have their own rules.
  • Choose Quality: Not all DAV products are created equal. Look for reputable brands that use low-temperature processing and are transparent about their sourcing.
  • Don't Fall for Hype: Be skeptical of products that make outrageous claims or focus solely on IGF-1 content.

Power Velvet and the Power Pack: Your Edge

For those looking for a high-quality, effective deer antler velvet product, we offer Power Velvet, a potent liquid extract made using a specialized hydro-alcohol process that preserves the full spectrum of DAV's bioactive compounds. It's designed for maximum bioavailability and rapid absorption, making it ideal for pre-and post-workout use.

Tonic Tinctures Power Velvet

Power Velvet

We've developed Power Velvet specifically for individuals seeking to maximize their athletic performance and achieve their physique goals. It's a potent, high-quality liquid extract made using a meticulous hydro-alcohol extraction process that preserves the full spectrum of DAV's bioactive compounds.

Power Velvet is designed to:

  • Support rapid absorption and bioavailability: The liquid form allows for faster uptake of the active compounds compared to capsules or powders.
  • Deliver a concentrated dose of growth factors, amino acids, and other performance-supporting nutrients: Each serving provides a potent dose of the key components that can enhance strength, power, and recovery.
  • Be taken conveniently before, during, or after workouts: The liquid form is easy to take on the go and can be quickly absorbed for pre-workout energy or post-workout recovery.

We also offer the Power Pack, which combines Power Velvet with our standard Deer Antler Velvet capsules and our Regen Elixir for a comprehensive approach to health optimization.

Tonic Tinctures Power Pack

Power Pack

For those seeking a more comprehensive approach, we offer the Power Pack, which combines Power Velvet with our standard Deer Antler Velvet and our Regen Elixir. This powerful combination provides:

  • Power Velvet: For pre-workout energy, focus, and performance enhancement, delivering the fast-acting benefits of a liquid extract.
  • Deer Antler Velvet: For foundational support of overall health, recovery, and well-being, providing a broader spectrum of nutrients in capsule form.
  • Regen Elixir: A tonic superfood blend to further support endocrine function, vitality, and resilience, offering a synergistic blend of adaptogenic herbs and other nourishing ingredients.

Discount Bundle Offer @ 19% OFF:

We offer a special discount on the Power Pack. This is your chance to experience the difference a high-quality liquid extract can make in your training and recovery.

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9. Safety Considerations and Potential Interactions

While deer antler velvet is generally considered safe for most individuals when used appropriately, it's important to be aware of potential safety considerations and possible interactions with medications or other supplements.

Conclusion: Legal and Safe When Used Responsibly

Deer antler velvet is a legal dietary supplement and its use is not prohibited by the vast majority of sports organizations. The concerns surrounding it have largely stemmed from misleading marketing and a lack of understanding about its natural composition. When sourced responsibly and used appropriately, deer antler velvet can be a safe and valuable addition to a health optimization regimen.

References and Further Reading

The information presented in this guide draws upon a combination of traditional knowledge, scientific research, and industry resources. While we have made every effort to ensure accuracy, it is important to continue your own research and consult with qualified professionals as needed. Here are some key sources that informed the development of this guide:

11.1 Scientific Studies

  1. Arzmi, M. H., John, A., Rismayuddin, N. A. R., Kenali, N. M., & Darnis, D. S. (2021). Data in Brief, 34, 106769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106769

    • Relevance: This study showcases the use of advanced methods, like proteomic analysis, to understand the complex protein makeup of deer antler velvet. It highlights that science is still uncovering the many components of DAV and their potential to support our well-being. It provides an example of ongoing research into the composition of deer antler velvet.
    • Related Studies: This research builds upon earlier work characterizing the protein composition of deer antler, such as the proteomic analysis of sika deer antlers (Sui et al., 2019)3. It also relates to studies identifying specific proteins and peptides in DAV and investigating their potential functions, including those that may support the body's natural processes for managing everyday wear and tear (Kuo et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2016)7,16. Together, these studies contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of DAV's protein profile and its potential mechanisms of action.

  2. Zhang, R., Li, Y., & Xing, X. (2021). Scientific Reports, 11(1), 10556. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89829-6

    • Relevance: This research explores how deer antler velvet may influence biofilm formation, suggesting that DAV may interact with the body's natural processes in complex ways. While the exact mechanisms are still being explored, it hints at the multifaceted ways DAV may support the body's internal environment.
    • Related Studies: This study relates to research on DAV's potential to support immune function (Zha et al., 2016)17 and its influence on gut health (Hung et al., 2021)14, as both the immune system and gut microbiome are involved in regulating microbial communities within the body.

  3. Sui, Z., Sun, H., Weng, Y., Zhang, X., Sun, M., Sun, R., ... & Zhang, L. (2019). Journal of Chromatography A, 1608, 460496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460496

    • Relevance: This study utilizes advanced analytical techniques to identify and characterize a wide array of proteins in deer antler velvet. It offers a detailed look at the protein complexity of DAV, which is crucial for understanding its potential to support tissue growth, repair, and overall physiological function.
    • Related Studies: This research builds upon earlier studies analyzing the protein composition of DAV (Arzmi et al., 2021)1 and complements research investigating the specific functions of DAV proteins, such as their potential role in supporting joint health (Yao et al., 2019)9 and managing everyday wear and tear (Kuo et al., 2018)7.

  4. Huo, Y.-S., Huo, H., & Zhang, J. (2014). Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 20(11), 803–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-014-1827-1

    • Relevance: This review article examines the historical and modern uses of deer antler velvet in classical Chinese medicine and explores its potential applications in modern health practices. It highlights the long-standing use of DAV for supporting overall health and well-being, bridging traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific understanding.
    • Related Studies: This review connects to other studies exploring the traditional uses of DAV in different cultures (Wu et al., 2013)11, as well as research investigating the pharmacological activities of DAV components (Sui et al., 2014)8.

  5. Xiao, X., Li, L., Xu, S., Mao, M., Pan, R., Li, Y., Wu, J., Huang, L., & Zheng, X. (2017). Molecular Medicine Reports, 16(4), 4009-4016. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7019

    • Relevance: This study investigates how deer antler velvet may influence cells involved in tissue regeneration, specifically looking at bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. It provides insights into the potential mechanisms by which DAV supports the body's natural ability to renew and repair tissues.
    • Related Studies: This research connects to studies on DAV's potential to support wound healing (Mikler et al., 2004)30 and bone health (Yao et al., 2019)37, suggesting a broader role for DAV in tissue regeneration and repair.

  6. Guo, X.-H., Cheng, X.-L., Liu, W.-X., Li, M.-H., Wei, F., & Ma, S.-C. (2018). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 164, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.009

    • Relevance: This research demonstrates the use of advanced analytical techniques to identify the numerous and diverse compounds present in deer antler velvet. It underscores the complexity and richness of DAV's composition, supporting the concept of synergy between its many components working together to support the body's functions.
    • Related Studies: This study builds upon previous research aimed at characterizing the chemical constituents of DAV (Sui et al., 2014)8 and complements studies investigating the bioactivity of specific components, such as peptides (Zhao et al., 2016)16 and nucleosides (Zhang et al., 2020)18.

  7. Kuo, C.-Y., Cheng, Y.-T., Ho, S.-T., Yu, C.-C., & Chen, M.-J. (2018). Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 26(3), 957-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2018.02.005

    • Relevance: This study examines specific proteins in deer antler velvet and explores how they might contribute to the body's natural processes for managing everyday wear and tear. It offers insights into the potential mechanisms by which DAV supports the body's response to physical stressors and cellular maintenance, suggesting a role in supporting the body's resilience.
    • Related Studies: This research connects to studies investigating DAV's potential to support a balanced inflammatory response (Wu et al., 2013)11 and its antioxidant properties (Cheng et al., 2017)10, suggesting a multifaceted role for DAV in supporting cellular health.

  8. Sui, Z., Zhang, L., Huo, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2014). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 87, 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.044

    • Relevance: This review summarizes the diverse bioactive components found in deer antler velvet, providing a comprehensive overview of its potential health-supporting properties. It emphasizes the wide range of compounds that may contribute to DAV's effects on energy, vitality, and overall well-being, supporting the idea that DAV offers a complex array of beneficial substances.
    • Related Studies: This review builds upon earlier research characterizing the chemical constituents of DAV (Guo et al., 2018)6 and provides a framework for understanding the potential synergistic effects of these compounds. It also connects to studies investigating the specific bioactivities of different DAV components, such as growth factors (Francis & Suttie, 1998)23 and peptides (Haines et al., 2019)15.

  9. Yao, B., Zhang, M., Leng, X., & Zhao, D. (2019). Gene, 690, 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04612-1

    • Relevance: This study investigates how deer antler velvet may affect genes involved in cartilage growth and regeneration. It provides further scientific support for the traditional use of DAV in supporting joint health and mobility, suggesting that DAV may encourage the activity of genes that support cartilage health.
    • Related Studies: This research builds upon earlier studies investigating the effects of DAV on cartilage cells (Guan et al., 2021)35 and complements research on the role of specific DAV components, such as glycosaminoglycans, in joint health (Allen et al., 2002)20.

  10. Cheng, S.-L., Jian, Y.-L., Chen, C.-M., & Liu, B.-T. (2017). Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 37(4), 542-551. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.4.542

    • Relevance: This study identifies specific antioxidant components in deer antler velvet from Formosan Sambar deer. It highlights the connection between the antioxidant properties of DAV and its overall quality, suggesting that these components may contribute to DAV's ability to buffer against everyday cellular stress by supporting the body's natural defenses.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies investigating the general antioxidant activity of DAV (Sui et al., 2014)8 and its potential to support the body's natural defenses against oxidative stress, a process associated with aging and various health challenges.

  11. Wu, F., Li, H., Jin, L., Li, X., Ma, Y., You, J., ... & Xu, Y. (2013). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(2), 403-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.008

    • Relevance: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional uses, chemistry, and pharmacology of deer antler base. It highlights the importance of this often-overlooked part of the antler, which is rich in minerals and has been used to support bone health and overall vitality in classical Chinese medicine.
    • Related Studies: This review connects to research on the mineral composition of different antler sections (Tseng et al., 2014)41 and studies investigating the effects of DAV on bone growth and development (Chen et al., 2015)38, highlighting the potential benefits of the base for skeletal health.

  12. Wang, W., Zhang, J., Yang, X., & Huang, F. (2019). Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(12), e13063. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13063

    • Relevance: This study identifies a novel peptide in deer antler velvet and investigates its interactions with glucose metabolism. It highlights the ongoing research into the diverse components of DAV and their potential physiological effects, suggesting a role in supporting balanced energy metabolism and how the body uses glucose.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies exploring the potential anti-fatigue properties of DAV (Chen et al., 2014)39 and its effects on physical performance (Sleivert et al., 2003)19, suggesting a multifaceted role for DAV in supporting energy and endurance.

  13. Yu, Y., Jin, Y., Wang, F., Yan, J., Qi, Y., & Ye, M. (2017). Food Research International, 99(Pt 1), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.04.002

    • Relevance: This research explores how the proteins in deer antler velvet are broken down during digestion, revealing the formation of various bioactive peptides. It provides insights into how DAV's components may be absorbed and utilized by the body, potentially contributing to its overall effects on tissue growth, repair, and physiological function.
    • Related Studies: This study builds upon research characterizing the protein composition of DAV (Arzmi et al., 2021; Sui et al., 2019)1, 3 and complements studies investigating the bioactivity of specific DAV peptides (Haines et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2016)15, 16, suggesting that digestion may release peptides with various activities.

  14. Hung, Y.-K., Ho, S.-T., Kuo, C.-Y., & Chen, M.-J. (2021). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5), 2358. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.53599

    • Relevance: This study suggests that deer antler velvet may support gut health by influencing the integrity of the intestinal barrier. It highlights the potential connection between DAV and the gut microbiome, an area of increasing scientific interest for its impact on overall health, including immune function and even mental well-being.
    • Related Studies: This research connects to studies exploring the potential immune-supporting properties of DAV (Zha et al., 2016)17 and its influence on the body's natural defense systems, suggesting a link between gut health and immune function.

  15. Haines, S. R., McCann, M. J., Grosvenor, A. J., Thomas, A., Noble, A., & Clerens, S. (2019). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19(1), 340. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2758-3

    • Relevance: This study identifies peptides in deer antler velvet that may interact with various enzymes in the body, contributing to its overall physiological effects. It highlights the complex ways in which DAV components may interact with the body's systems and suggests a wide range of potential actions, including influencing metabolic processes.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies investigating the specific biological activities of DAV peptides, such as their potential role in tissue regeneration (Zha et al., 2012)31 and their interactions with liver cells (Li et al., 2020)43, suggesting diverse roles for these peptides in the body.

  16. Zhao, L., Wang, X., Zhang, X.-L., & Xie, Q.-F. (2016). Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 24(3), 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2015.10.003

    • Relevance: This research further characterizes peptides found in deer antler velvet, identifying some that may contribute to the body's natural processes for addressing everyday wear and tear. It provides further evidence for the diverse bioactivity of DAV components and their potential to support the body's resilience and ability to adapt to stressors.
    • Related Studies: This study builds upon earlier research identifying bioactive peptides in DAV (Haines et al., 2019)15 and complements studies exploring the potential of these peptides to support various physiological functions (Wang et al., 2019; Yu et al., 2017)12, 13, suggesting a role in supporting the body's response to daily challenges.

  17. Zha, E., Dandan, L., Bai, X., Zhou, T., Li, Y., Shenyang, G., & Yue, X. (2016). Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 38(6), 406-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2016.1233978

    • Relevance: This study investigates how a specific component of deer antler velvet may interact with the body's natural defense systems, providing further insight into the potential mechanisms by which DAV may support a balanced and responsive immune function. It suggests that DAV may help optimize the body's ability to respond to challenges.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies exploring the broader immune-supporting properties of DAV (Huo et al., 2014)4 and its potential to influence the gut microbiome (Hung et al., 2021)14, which plays a crucial role in immune function.

  18. Zhang, P., Guo, Z., Ma, L., Wang, G., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Chemistry & Biodiversity, 17(1), e1900512. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900512

    • Relevance: This research identifies various nucleosides in deer antler velvet, highlighting their potential contribution to the overall bioactivity of this natural product. Nucleosides are important building blocks for DNA and RNA and play roles in cellular energy transfer, suggesting DAV may support cellular function and energy production.
    • Related Studies: This study complements research on the amino acid and protein composition of DAV (Arzmi et al., 2021; Sui et al., 2019)1, 3, providing a more complete picture of the nutritional profile of DAV and its potential to support various physiological processes.

  19. Sleivert, G., Burke, V., Palmer, C., Walmsley, A., Gerrard, D., Haines, S., & Littlejohn, R. (2003). International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 13(3), 251-265. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.251

    • Relevance: This study investigated the effects of deer antler velvet supplementation on aerobic power and muscular strength in athletes. It provides evidence for DAV's potential to support physical performance and suggests it may enhance the body's capacity for exercise, potentially by improving oxygen utilization and supporting muscle function.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies exploring the potential anti-fatigue properties of DAV (Chen et al., 2014)39 and its effects on hormonal responses to exercise (Syrotuik et al., 2005)21, suggesting a multifaceted role for DAV in supporting athletic performance and recovery.

  20. Allen, M., Oberle, K., & Russell, A. (2002). The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800402003003001

    • Relevance: While research is in its early stages, this study explored the use of deer antler velvet by individuals experiencing joint discomfort, suggesting potential benefits for joint health. It highlights the need for further research to explore DAV's effects on joint function and comfort in humans, but supports traditional uses.
    • Related Studies: This study connects to research investigating the effects of DAV on cartilage cells and genes involved in cartilage regeneration (Guan et al., 2021; Yao et al., 2019)35, 9, providing further support for the traditional use of DAV in promoting joint health.

  21. Syrotuik, D. G., MacFadyen, K. L., Harber, V. J., & Bell, G. J. (2005). International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15(4), 366-385. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.15.4.366

    • Relevance: This study examined the hormonal responses to exercise in individuals using deer antler velvet, providing insight into its potential role in supporting endocrine function in the context of physical activity. It suggests that DAV may influence hormonal adaptation to exercise, which could have implications for performance and recovery.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies investigating the effects of DAV on physical performance (Sleivert et al., 2003)19 and its potential to support healthy hormone levels, suggesting a connection between DAV's hormonal effects and its impact on physical function.

  22. Conaglen, H. M., Suttie, J. M., & Conaglen, J. V. (2003). Asian Journal of Andrology, 5(3), 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023469702627

    • Relevance: This research explores the potential relationship between deer antler velvet and male reproductive health. It highlights the traditional use of DAV for supporting vitality and provides a basis for further investigation into its effects on the endocrine system and reproductive function. It suggests a possible supportive role for DAV in these areas.
    • Related Studies: This study connects to the broader body of research on DAV's influence on hormonal function and its potential to support various aspects of health related to the endocrine system.

  23. Francis, S. M., & Suttie, J. M. (1998). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 281(1), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980501)281:1<36::aid-jez6>3.0.co;2-d

    • Relevance: This study provides evidence for the presence of various growth factors in deer antler velvet, particularly in the actively growing tips. It highlights the role of these growth factors in the rapid growth and regeneration of antler tissue, suggesting a similar potential for supporting tissue growth, repair, and overall vitality in the human body. The identification of IGF-1 in DAV is particularly relevant to its potential for supporting muscle growth and recovery.
    • Related Studies: This research lays the groundwork for understanding the role of growth factors in DAV's bioactivity and connects to studies investigating the effects of DAV on muscle growth (Chen et al., 2014)39 and tissue regeneration (Xiao et al., 2017)5.

  24. Huo, Y., Schirf, V. R., & Winters, W. D. (1993). Abstracts of the 2nd International Symposium on antler science and product technology, Changchun, China. (Abstract only). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9731418/

    • Relevance: This early research identified the presence of a nerve growth factor-like substance in Sika deer antlers. It represents one of the initial scientific forays into understanding the specific bioactive compounds in DAV and suggests a potential role for DAV in supporting nerve function and health.
    • Related Studies: This study connects to later research on neurotrophin expression in deer antlers (Garcia et al., 1997)25 and studies investigating the effects of DAV on nerve cells (Xin et al., 2017)45, suggesting a potential role for DAV in supporting nerve health.

  25. Garcia, R. L., Sadighi, M., Francis, S. M., Suttie, J. M., & Fleming, J. S. (1997). Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 19(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0190173

    • Relevance: This study identified the presence of neurotrophin-3 in the growing velvet antler of red deer, adding to the evidence for a diverse array of growth factors in DAV. Neurotrophins play important roles in the development, function, and survival of nerve cells, suggesting potential neurological benefits of DAV.
    • Related Studies: This research builds upon the earlier identification of a nerve growth factor-like substance in deer antlers (Huo et al., 1993)24 and connects to studies investigating the effects of DAV on nerve regeneration (Pita-Thomas et al., 2010)26, suggesting DAV may support nerve health.

  26. Pita-Thomas, W., Fernández-Martos, C., Yunta, M., Maza, R. M., Navarro-Ruiz, R., Lopez-Rodríguez, M. J., ... & Nieto-Diaz, M. (2010). PLoS ONE, 5(12), e15006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015006

    • Relevance: This research demonstrated the expression of genes related to axon growth-promoting factors in deer antler, suggesting a potential role for DAV in supporting nerve regeneration and function. It highlights the complex molecular mechanisms potentially at play and supports the idea that DAV may influence nerve health.
    • Related Studies: This study connects to research on the presence of neurotrophins in deer antler (Garcia et al., 1997)25 and studies investigating the effects of DAV on nerve cells (Xin et al., 2017)45, further supporting the potential of DAV in promoting nerve health.

  27. Clark, D. E., Lord, E. A., & Suttie, J. M. (2006). Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 288(12), 1281-1291. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20393

    • Relevance: This study identified the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pleiotrophin in deer antler, suggesting a potential role for DAV in supporting blood vessel formation and tissue growth. These factors are important for circulation, tissue repair, and overall vitality, suggesting DAV may support these processes.
    • Related Studies: This research connects to studies investigating the effects of DAV on wound healing (Mikler et al., 2004)30 and its potential to support recovery after exercise (Sleivert et al., 2003)19, highlighting the role of blood flow and tissue regeneration in these processes.

  28. Feng, J. Q., Chen, D., Esparza, J., Harris, M. A., Mundy, G. R., & Harris, S. E. (1995). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression, 1263(2), 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4781(95)00106-q

    • Relevance: This research identified the presence of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in deer antler tissue, suggesting a potential role for DAV in supporting bone growth, optimizing bone density, and supporting bone regeneration. BMP-4 is known to play a role in bone formation and repair.
    • Related Studies: This study connects to research on the mineral composition of deer antler (Tseng et al., 2014)41 and studies investigating the effects of DAV on bone development and growth in animal models (Chen et al., 2015)38. It also relates to studies on DAV's influence on genes involved in bone regulation (Yao et al., 2019)37, further supporting the potential benefits of DAV for bone health.

  29. Xia, P., Liu, D., Jiao, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, X., Zheng, S., ... & Hao, L. (2022). Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 987605. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194183

    • Relevance: This recent study continues to explore the health effects of peptides derived from deer antler velvet, providing further evidence for their diverse biological activities and potential applications in optimizing human health. It highlights the ongoing research aimed at identifying and characterizing the specific components of DAV responsible for its effects.
    • Related Studies: This research builds upon previous studies that have identified and characterized various bioactive peptides in DAV (Wang et al., 2019; Yu et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2016)12, 13, 16, contributing to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying DAV's bioactivity.

  30. Mikler, J. R., Theoret, C. L., & High, J. C. (2004). The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 10(5), 835-840. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2004.10.835

    • Relevance: This study investigated the potential of deer antler velvet to support the body's natural wound healing processes in an animal model. It offers preliminary evidence for DAV's potential role in tissue repair and regeneration, suggesting it may enhance the body's ability to recover from injury.
    • Related Studies: This research connects to studies exploring the effects of DAV on tissue regeneration (Xiao et al., 2017)5 and its potential to influence factors involved in wound healing, highlighting the potential for DAV to support the body's natural restorative processes.

  31. Zha, E., Gao, S., Pi, Y., Li, X., Wang, Y., & Yue, X. (2012). Journal of Antler Science and Technology, 22, 652–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-011-0829-8

    • Relevance: This study highlights ongoing research into specific components of deer antler velvet, such as certain polypeptides, and their potential to contribute to tissue regeneration. It emphasizes the continued scientific interest in isolating and characterizing the active constituents of DAV and understanding their specific roles in supporting the body's natural repair mechanisms.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies investigating the effects of DAV on various cell types involved in tissue repair and regeneration (Xiao et al., 2017; Li et al., 2020)5, 43, suggesting that specific polypeptides in DAV may play a role in these processes.

  32. Takikawa, K., Kokubu, N., Kajihara, M., Doi, M., & Tahara, N. (1972). Nihon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi [Journal of Japanese Orthopaedic Association], 46(6), 349-50. (Article in Japanese). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4266099/

    • Relevance: This historical study reflects the long-standing interest in deer antler preparations and their potential effects on recovery processes in the body. While the specific findings may be superseded by more recent research, it demonstrates the enduring curiosity surrounding DAV's properties in supporting the body's natural ability to recover from physical exertion and injury.
    • Related Studies: This study provides historical context for the more recent research on DAV's effects on recovery from exercise (Sleivert et al., 2003)19 and its potential to support tissue repair (Mikler et al., 2004)30, highlighting the long tradition of using DAV to support recovery and resilience.

  33. Gilbey, A., & Perezgonzalez, J. D. (2012). New Zealand Medical Journal, 125(1367), 80-86. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23321886/

    • Relevance: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific evidence for the health benefits of deer and elk velvet antler supplements. It offers a critical evaluation of the available research, helping to separate evidence-based claims from marketing hype and highlighting areas where further investigation is needed. It emphasizes the importance of a balanced and evidence-based approach to understanding DAV's potential.
    • Related Studies: This review synthesizes findings from numerous studies on DAV, including those investigating its effects on physical performance (Sleivert et al., 2003; Syrotuik et al., 2005)19, 21, joint health (Allen et al., 2002)20, and other areas. It provides a valuable resource for understanding the overall state of the science on DAV.

  34. Pavlenko, S. M. (1960). Pantocrin: a publication of articles on studies of cutative properties in pantocrin. Sojuzchimexport. https://search.worldcat.org/title/pantocrin-a-publication-of-articles-on-studies-of-cutative-properties-in-pantocrin/oclc/58021848

    • Relevance: This historical document provides insights into early research on Pantocrine, an alcohol extract of deer antler velvet, particularly from Russia. It reflects the long-standing interest in the potential health-supporting properties of DAV, particularly its adaptogenic qualities and ability to enhance physical performance, recovery, and resilience.
    • Related Studies: This work provides historical context for later studies on DAV's adaptogenic properties and its effects on physical and mental performance, including research on stress adaptation and fatigue (Chen et al., 2014)39. It highlights the enduring interest in DAV's potential to support the body's ability to cope with various stressors.

  35. Guan, M., Pan, D., Zhang, M., Leng, X., & Yao, B. (2021). Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 16(1), 200. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-021-02350-4

    • Relevance: This study investigates the effects of deer antler extract on the genes involved in cartilage growth and regeneration. It provides further scientific support for the traditional use of DAV in supporting joint health and mobility, suggesting that DAV may influence gene expression related to cartilage maintenance and repair.
    • Related Studies: This research builds upon earlier studies exploring the effects of DAV on cartilage cells (Yao et al., 2019)9 and complements research on the role of specific DAV components, such as glycosaminoglycans, in joint health (Allen et al., 2002)20. It suggests that DAV may support joint health by influencing the activity of genes involved in cartilage maintenance.

  36. Yao, B., Zhou, Z., Zhang, M., Leng, X., & Zhao, D. (2021). Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 16(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-020-02148-w

    • Relevance: This research delves into the molecular mechanisms by which deer antler components may interact with articular cartilage, providing further insights into DAV's potential for supporting joint health. It examines how DAV may influence the cells and processes involved in cartilage maintenance, repair, and overall joint function.
    • Related Studies: This study complements research investigating the effects of DAV on genes involved in cartilage growth (Guan et al., 2021)35 and builds upon the understanding of DAV's influence on joint tissues. It suggests that DAV may support joint health by interacting with specific molecules and pathways in cartilage.

  37. Yao, B., Gao, H., Liu, J., Zhang, M., Leng, X., & Zhao, D. (2019). Gene, 710, 378-386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04934-0

    • Relevance: This study explores the effects of deer antler components on bone regulation at a molecular level, providing further evidence for DAV's potential benefits for bone health. It suggests that DAV may influence gene expression related to bone formation and remodeling, supporting bone density and strength.
    • Related Studies: This research connects to studies investigating the mineral composition of deer antler (Tseng et al., 2014)41 and complements research on the effects of DAV on bone development and growth in animal models (Chen et al., 2015)38. It suggests that DAV may support bone health by influencing the activity of genes involved in bone metabolism.

  38. Chen, J., Yang, Y., Abbasi, S., Hajinezhad, D., Kontulainen, S., & Honaramooz, A. (2015). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 819520. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/819520

    • Relevance: This animal study investigates the effects of deer antler velvet on overall growth and development, providing further support for its traditional use as a tonic for vitality and growth. It suggests that DAV may positively influence bone growth and development, potentially through its effects on growth factors and other signaling molecules.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies exploring the effects of DAV on bone regulation at a molecular level (Yao et al., 2019)37 and its potential role in supporting bone health.

  39. Chen, J.-C., Hsiang, C.-Y., Lin, Y.-C., & Ho, T.-Y. (2014). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 540580. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/540580

    • Relevance: This study explores the potential for deer antler velvet to buffer against fatigue, investigating its effects on genes related to muscle function. It provides insights into the mechanisms by which DAV may support physical endurance and recovery, suggesting it may help optimize energy utilization in muscles and improve the body's ability to cope with physical stress.
    • Related Studies: This research complements studies investigating the effects of DAV on physical performance (Sleivert et al., 2003)19 and hormonal responses to exercise (Syrotuik et al., 2005)21, further supporting the role of DAV in optimizing athletic performance and recovery.

  40. Xie, W.-Q., Zhao, Y.-J., Li, F., Shu, B., Lin, S.-R., Sun, L., & Wang, Y.-J., Zheng, H.-X. (2019). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19(1), 192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2607-4

    • Relevance: This research investigates the interactions between specific components of deer antler velvet, such as polypeptides, and various aspects of joint health. It contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting DAV's potential benefits for joint function and mobility, suggesting that these polypeptides may play a role in supporting cartilage health and reducing joint discomfort.
    • Related Studies: This study builds upon previous research exploring the effects of DAV on cartilage cells (Guan et al., 2021; Yao et al., 2021)35, 36 and further elucidates the potential mechanisms involved.

  41. Tseng, S.-H., Sung, C.-H., Chen, L.-G., Lai, Y.-J., Chang, W.-S., & Wang, C.-C. (2014). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 352-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.060

    • Relevance: This study compares the chemical compositions of different sections of deer antler, demonstrating variations in their nutrient and bioactive constituent profiles. It highlights the importance of considering the specific antler section when evaluating potential health benefits and supports the traditional practice of using different parts for different purposes. For instance, the tips are known for their growth factors, while the base is richer in minerals.
    • Related Studies: This research provides a foundation for understanding the compositional differences within the antler and connects to studies investigating the specific properties of different antler sections (Wu et al., 2013)11, emphasizing the importance of considering these variations when using DAV for specific purposes.

  42. Chonco, L., Landete-Castillejos, T., Serrano-Heras, G., Pérez Serrano, M., Pérez-Barbería, F. J., González-Armesto, C., ... & Segura, T. (2020). Scientific Reports, 10(1), 22386. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79779-w

    • Relevance: This research explores the complex interactions between various components of deer antler velvet and different cell types, providing a broader understanding of DAV's potential biological activities. It suggests that DAV may influence cellular processes in various tissues throughout the body, highlighting the need for further research to fully elucidate these interactions. The study emphasizes the intricate ways in which DAV may work within the body.
    • Related Studies: This study complements research investigating the effects of DAV on specific cell types, such as bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (Xiao et al., 2017)5 and liver cells (Li et al., 2020)43, providing a more comprehensive view of DAV's potential cellular effects and suggesting a wide range of possible interactions within the body.

  43. Li, L., Yang, F., Jia, R., Yan, P., & Ma, L. (2020). Food & Function, 11(10), 8859-8871. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01899f

    • Relevance: This study investigates how specific peptides derived from deer antler velvet may interact with liver cells and support their function. It suggests a potential role for DAV in promoting liver health and optimizing detoxification processes, highlighting the liver's crucial role in overall health.
    • Related Studies: This research connects to studies exploring the potential protective effects of DAV on the liver (Wu et al., 2013)11 and complements research on DAV's antioxidant properties (Cheng et al., 2017)10, as the liver plays a crucial role in detoxification and managing oxidative stress.

  44. Tang, Y., Fan, M., Choi, Y.-J., Yu, Y., Yao, G., Deng, Y., ... & Kim, E.-K. (2018). Bioscience Reports, 38(6), BSR20181215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2018.1537775

    • Relevance: This research examines the effects of deer antler velvet components on various cellular pathways, using diverse models and techniques. It contributes to a deeper understanding of DAV's potential mechanisms of action at a cellular level, suggesting a wide range of potential applications for supporting overall health and well-being. The study highlights the complex interactions between DAV and cellular processes.
    • Related Studies: This study builds upon previous research investigating the effects of DAV on specific cellular processes, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, and provides a broader perspective on the potential cellular targets of DAV components.

  45. Xin, J.-L., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, L.-Z., & Lin, Y., Zheng, L.-W. (2017). Molecular Medicine Reports, 16(5), 6247-6256. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7303

    • Relevance: This study investigates the interactions between deer antler velvet peptides and various cell types, including nerve cells, providing further insights into their potential biological activities. It suggests a potential role for DAV in supporting nerve health and function, possibly through interactions with nerve growth factors.
    • Related Studies: This research connects to studies exploring the presence of nerve growth factor-like substances and neurotrophin-3 in deer antler (Huo et al., 1993; Garcia et al., 1997)24, 25, as well as research on the expression of genes related to axon growth-promoting factors (Pita-Thomas et al., 2010)26, suggesting DAV may support nerve function.

  46. Tansathien, K., Chareanputtakhun, P., Ngawhirunpat, T., Opanasopit, P., & Rangsimawong, W. (2021). International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 597, 120352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120352

    • Relevance: This research explores the potential for deer antler velvet to support processes related to hair growth and regeneration. It suggests that DAV may have applications in promoting healthy hair, potentially by influencing factors involved in hair follicle function.
    • Related Studies: This study builds upon earlier research investigating the effects of deer antler extracts on hair follicles (Li et al., 2014)48 and complements studies examining the role of growth factors in hair growth.

  47. Tansathien, K., Suriyaaumporn, P., Charoenputtakhun, P., Ngawhirunpat, T., Opanasopit, P., & Rangsimawong, W. (2019). Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 42(8), 1309-1317. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b19-00158

    • Relevance: This study investigates innovative methods for delivering deer antler velvet's bioactive components, such as growth factors and proteins. It explores ways to optimize their potential bioavailability and effectiveness through novel delivery systems, potentially enhancing their targeted delivery to specific tissues.
    • Related Studies: This research represents an advancement in the field of DAV delivery and complements studies exploring the various biological activities of DAV's bioactive components. It highlights the importance of considering delivery methods to maximize the potential benefits of DAV.

  48. Li, J.-j., Li, Z., Gu, L.-j., Wang, Y.-b., Lee, M.-r., & Sung, C.-k. (2014). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 878162. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/878162

    • Relevance: This research examines the effects of deer antler extracts on hair follicles, providing further insights into the potential mechanisms by which DAV may contribute to healthy hair. It suggests that DAV may influence processes related to hair follicle function and hair growth.
    • Related Studies: This study complements more recent research exploring the potential of DAV to support hair growth and regeneration (Tansathien et al., 2021)46, adding to the body of evidence suggesting a role for DAV in promoting healthy hair.

11.2 Industry and Other Resources

  • John S. Church: Velvet Antler, accessed 2025

    • Relevance: Provides a comprehensive overview of deer antler velvet, including its historical use, scientific research, and potential applications. Dr. Church's work offers valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of DAV, bridging traditional knowledge and modern scientific perspectives. Offers a balanced perspective on DAV's potential benefits and limitations.

  • Andrew Gibley and Jose D. Perezgonzalez: The New Zealand Medical Journal - Health benefits of deer and elk velvet antler supplements: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies, accessed 2025

    • Relevance: This systematic review critically evaluates the scientific evidence for the health benefits of deer and elk velvet antler supplements. Provides a valuable perspective on the current state of research, helping to separate evidence-based claims from marketing hype and highlighting areas where further investigation is needed.

  • C. (n.d.). Velvet antler: A literature review. Retrieved from https://www.caneva.ca/blog/velvet-antler-a-literature-review/

    • Relevance: This literature review offers a broad overview of the scientific research on deer antler velvet, covering various aspects of its composition, biological activities, and potential health benefits. Serves as a useful resource for those seeking a deeper understanding of the scientific literature on DAV.

  • Deer Industry New Zealand. (2009). Deer Velvet Technical Manual Version 6.3. Retrieved from https://www.velvet.org.nz/assets/Documents/Deer-Velvet-Technical-Manual-Version-6.3.pdf

    • Relevance: This technical manual provides in-depth information on the deer velvet industry in New Zealand, including harvesting practices, processing methods, and quality control standards. Offers valuable insights into the production of high-quality DAV and the industry's commitment to ethical and sustainable practices.

  • Suttie, J. M., & Harris, S. (n.d.). Clinical properties of deer velvet. Positive Health Online. Retrieved from http://www.positivehealth.com/article/nutraceuticals/clinical-properties-of-deer-velvet

    • Relevance: This article explores the potential applications of deer antler velvet, drawing upon both traditional knowledge and scientific research. Provides a balanced perspective on the ways in which DAV may support health and well-being, emphasizing its role in a holistic approach.

  • Laughlin, M. L. (n.d.). A summary of research on velvet antler dietary supplements. Vitamins in America. Retrieved from http://www.vitaminsinamerica.com/news/velvet.htm

    • Relevance: This summary provides an overview of the research on deer antler velvet as a dietary supplement, highlighting key studies and findings. Offers a useful starting point for those interested in exploring the scientific basis for DAV's use in health optimization.

  • Institute of Traditional Medicine. (n.d.). Deer Antler to Nourish Blood, Bone and Joints. Retrieved from http://www.itmonline.org/arts/antler.htm

    • Relevance: This article explores the traditional uses of deer antler in Chinese medicine, providing insights into the historical context and therapeutic applications of DAV in this ancient healing system. Highlights the traditional understanding of DAV's ability to support energy, vitality, and overall well-being, particularly in relation to bone and joint health.

  • Chinese Herb Info. (n.d.). Lu Rong - Velvet Deer Antler. Retrieved from http://chineseherbinfo.com/lu-rong-young-velvet-deer-antler/

    • Relevance: This resource provides information on deer antler velvet from a Chinese herbal medicine perspective, offering details on its properties, traditional uses, and preparation methods. Offers a glimpse into the traditional understanding of DAV within the context of this ancient healing system, emphasizing its use as a tonic for supporting Kidney Yang and nourishing Jing.

  • Linus Pauling Institute. (n.d.). Calcium. Oregon State University. Retrieved from https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/calcium

    • Relevance: This article from the Linus Pauling Institute provides in-depth information on calcium, a key mineral found in deer antler velvet. It covers calcium's role in the body, dietary sources, and the importance of maintaining optimal calcium levels for bone health, muscle function, and overall well-being.

  • Linus Pauling Institute. (n.d.). Magnesium. Oregon State University. Retrieved from https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/magnesium

    • Relevance: This resource provides comprehensive information on magnesium, another important mineral found in deer antler velvet. It discusses magnesium's various functions in the body, including its roles in muscle and nerve function, energy metabolism, and bone health.

  • Linus Pauling Institute. (n.d.). Manganese. Oregon State University. Retrieved from https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/manganese

    • Relevance: This article from the Linus Pauling Institute offers detailed information on manganese, a trace mineral present in deer antler velvet. It explores manganese's role in bone formation, metabolism, and antioxidant defense, highlighting its importance for overall health.

  • Davidson, A. (2013). Velvet Antler.

    • Relevance: This book provides a broad overview of deer antler velvet, covering its history, traditional uses, and scientific research. It offers a comprehensive introduction to the topic for those interested in learning more about DAV's multifaceted nature.

  • Kamen, B., & Kamen, P. (1999). The Remarkable Healing Power of Velvet Antler. Nutrition Encounter.

    • Relevance: This book explores the potential health benefits of deer antler velvet, drawing upon both traditional knowledge and scientific studies. It provides a detailed look at the various ways DAV may support well-being, including its potential for supporting joint health, immune function, and physical performance.

  • Yance, D. R. (2016). Adaptogens in Medical Herbalism. Healing Arts Press.

    • Relevance: While not focused specifically on deer antler velvet, this book provides valuable information on adaptogens, a category of herbs that includes some of the plants traditionally used in conjunction with DAV. It offers a broader context for understanding how adaptogens work and how they can be incorporated into a holistic health regimen, emphasizing their role in supporting the body's ability to adapt to stress.

  • Tierra, L. (2003). Healing with the Herbs of Life. Crossing Press.

    • Relevance: This book provides a comprehensive guide to herbal medicine, drawing upon both Eastern and Western traditions. It offers insights into the principles of herbalism and how herbs can be used to support health and well-being, providing a valuable framework for understanding the traditional uses of deer antler velvet alongside other botanicals.

Additional Resources for Further Exploration:

  • Deer Industry New Zealand: https://www.deernz.org/
    • Relevance: The official website of Deer Industry New Zealand provides information on the New Zealand deer industry, including their standards for velvet antler production. It's a useful resource for learning more about the ethical and sustainable harvesting of DAV in New Zealand, which is known for its high-quality velvet.
  • North American Elk Breeders Association (NAELBA): https://www.naelk.org/
    • Relevance: NAELBA's website offers information on elk farming practices in North America, including the harvesting of velvet antler. It provides insights into the industry standards and practices in this region, as well as information about the elk themselves.